Malice in the Mitten

The Lindsay Clancy mistrial has reopened a difficult national conversation about postpartum mental health. In this special Round Robin, Tracy, Christine and Nina talk about depression, postpartum anxiety and OCD, postpartum psychosis, severe insomnia, intrusive thoughts, hallucinations and the warning signs families may miss. This episode is not about sensationalizing tragedy or deciding criminal guilt. It's about helping women recognize when something isn't right — and making sure mothers and families know where to find help.
#PostpartumMentalHealth #PostpartumPsychosis #MaternalMentalHealth #MomsSupportingMoms#RoundRobinPodcast
Hosted, edited and produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Christine & Nina Mulligan
Written by Tracy Preston
Original music created exclusively for Round Robin by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
National Maternal Mental Health HotlineCall or text: 1-833-TLC-MAMA / 1-833-852-6262Free, confidential, 24/7.
Postpartum Support International HelpLine1-800-944-4773Text HELP to 800-944-4773 in English.Spanish text: 971-203-7773.PSI is not an emergency crisis service.
988 Suicide & Crisis LifelineCall or text 988.
For immediate danger or suspected postpartum psychosis requiring emergency intervention, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency department.
Sources:
Alford, Alexandria Y., et al. “A Systematic Review of Postpartum Psychosis Resulting in Infanticide: Missed Opportunities in Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment.” Archives of Women’s Mental Health, vol. 28, no. 2, 2025, pp. 297–308. PubMed, doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01508-3.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “Screening and Diagnosis of Mental Health Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum.” ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 4, June 2023.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “Summary of Perinatal Mental Health Conditions.” ACOG, www.acog.org.
Associated Press. “Key Moments in the Lindsay Clancy Case: The 911 Call, Mental Health Care, Mistrial.” AP News, 4 Sept. 2026.
Associated Press. “A Mistrial Is Declared in the Murder Case Against Lindsay Clancy. Here’s What Could Happen Next.” AP News, 5 Sept. 2026.
Cook, Christopher C. H. “Religious Psychopathology: The Prevalence of Religious Content of Delusions and Hallucinations in Mental Disorder.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 61, no. 4, 2015, pp. 404–425.
Death Penalty Information Center. “Andrea Yates Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity—Prosecutors Had Originally Sought Death.” Death Penalty Information Center, 27 July 2006, updated 14 Mar. 2025.
Health Resources and Services Administration. “National Maternal Mental Health Hotline.” Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, mchb.hrsa.gov.
Khalifeh, Hind, et al. “Postpartum Psychosis: A Preventable Psychiatric Emergency.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 2024. PubMed Central, PMC11058913.
“Killer Mom Found Guilty.” News24, 12 Sept. 2007.
Lewis, Katherine J. S., et al. “Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review.” Brain Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, 2021. PubMed Central, PMC7824357.

Deep in Michigan’s Omer Plains, near the winding Rifle River, an old legend tells of strange wolf-like guardians said to watch over the resting places of the dead. Some describe shadowy animals. Others remember an eerie, laughing bark coming from somewhere beyond the trees. And over the decades, curious visitors have reported scratches, unexplained sounds, and the unnerving feeling that something was following them.
#WitchyWolves #MichiganFolklore #OmerMichigan #MichiganLegends #FBombFriday
Hosted, edited and produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Todd Preston
Researched and written by Todd Preston
Original music created exclusively by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
Elder, Colin. “Tracking the Early History of the Upper Great Lakes Using Anishinaabeg’s Histories: From Ma’iingan (Wolf) to Animosh (Dog).” eScholarship, 2025.
Godfrey, Linda S. I Know What I Saw: Modern-Day Encounters with Monsters of New Urban Legend and Ancient Lore. TarcherPerigee, 2019.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources. “Wolf History and Legal Status in Michigan.” Michigan.gov.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources. “Wolves in Michigan.” Michigan.gov.
Russell, Lindsey. “The Witchy Wolves of Omer Plains.” Mysterious Michigan, originally published 2007, revised 2022.
Shuker, Karl P. N. “Witchie Wolves, Medicine Wolves, and the Waheela.” ShukerNature, 16 Feb. 2011.
Sonnenberg, Mike. “In Search of the Witchy Wolf.” Lost in Michigan, 29 Oct. 2016.

In January 1889, Jackson widow Mary H. Latimer was found murdered inside her home. Her only son, young druggist Robert Irving Latimer, appeared to have an extraordinary alibi: he was in Detroit, where hotel workers and others had seen him. But an unused hotel bed, railroad timetables, blood evidence and financial questions began telling another story.
Latimer's conviction was only the beginning. Months later came an explosive prison-break plot. Four years later came poisoned food, cyanide-laced lemonade, the death of Deputy Gate Keeper George W. Haight and a successful escape from Michigan State Prison. Then, after forty-six years behind bars, came something almost unimaginable—a full pardon.
#MaliceInTheMitten #HistoricalTrueCrime #JacksonMichigan #MaryLatimer #GeorgeHaight
Written, edited, hosted and produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Christine Mulligan
Original music created exclusively for Malice in the Mitten by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
Buhk, Tobin T. Pardonable Matricide: Robert Irving Latimer, from Michigan’s “Most Dangerous Inmate” to Free Man. McFarland & Company, 2019. The book is a major modern reconstruction of Captain Jack Boyle’s investigation and Latimer’s later prison history.
“Her Son Arrested for the Murder.” Michigan historical newspaper archive, Jan. 1889. Clinton County Archives. Contemporary account of Mary H. Latimer's murder, discovery of her body, family finances, Irving's Detroit alibi and arrest.
“Latimer Murder Trial.” Michigan historical newspaper archive, May 1889. Clinton County Archives. Contemporary defense summation discussing the blood evidence, revolver allegation, railroad evidence and state's circumstantial case.
“Irving Latimer on Trial.” The Galveston Daily News, 3 May 1889. Portal to Texas History. Contemporary report of Latimer's testimony and cross-examination.
Buchanan Record. 4 July 1889. Buchanan District Library. Contemporary report noting the jury's extremely short deliberation and Latimer's life sentence.
“A Plot to Blow Up a Prison.” The Morning News, 27 Aug. 1889. Georgia Historic Newspapers. Contemporary reporting on the Hercules-powder escape scheme at Michigan State Prison.
Buchanan Record. 17 Apr. 1890. Buchanan District Library. Contemporary report describing Latimer's imprisonment and his statement concerning life confinement.
“Breaks Jail.” The Galveston Daily News, 4 Apr. 1893. Portal to Texas History. Period reporting on Latimer's prison privileges, poisoned lemonade, George Haight's death and escape.
Michigan Department of Corrections. “Deputy Gate Keeper George W. Haight—Michigan State Prison at Jackson.” State of Michigan. Official memorial history of Haight's line-of-duty death and service. Note: its description of Mary's cause of death conflicts with contemporary 1889 evidence.
Michigan Corrections Organization. “Fallen Officers.” MCO. Biographical information regarding Haight, his family and the Latimer escape.
“Odds and Ends.” The Lowell Ledger, 2 May 1935. Kent District Library Digital Archives. Contemporary report announcing Latimer's full pardon on the forty-sixth anniversary of his imprisonment.
Salisbury, Danielle. “CO Trying to Add Officer to Memorial 120 Years After Death.” MLive, reproduced by Corrections1, 2 Dec. 2013. Reporting on Jeff Reasoner's effort to restore George Haight to Michigan corrections history.
Michigan Department of Corrections. “Highway Dedicated for Fallen Corrections Professionals.” Corrections Connection, Sept. 2020. State documentation of the George W. Haight Memorial Highway dedication.
State Bar of Michigan. “First to Abolish the Death Penalty.” Michigan Legal Milestones. History of Michigan's 1846 abolition legislation and its 1847 effective date.

This week on Round Robin, Tracy, Christine and Nina chase the chaos through some of the strangest stories of the week. A boa constrictor auditions for the Metropolitan Opera, competitive grave diggers race in Hungary and Brach's creates candy-corn perfume. Plus, the ladies remember the things they thought were fancy as kids, reveal their useless superpowers, battle over controversial foods and resurrect discontinued childhood favorites.
Dr. Temple Grandin is honored as Woman of the Week.  
#RoundRobinPodcast #FunnyPodcast #WeirdNews #PopCulture #KeepSpinning
Hosted, edited, produced & written by Tracy Preston, featuring Christine & Nina Mulligan
Original music created exclusively for Round Robin by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
Associated Press. “Even Snakes Have to Audition for the Opera at the Met. Princess the Boa Constrictor Got the Part.” AP News, Sept. 2026.
Associated Press. “Competitors Dig Deep in Hungarian Grave-Digging Contest.” AP News, Sept. 2026.
Chavez, Adriana. “You Can Now Buy Candy Corn Perfume.” Food Network, 11 Sept. 2026.
Colorado State University. “Temple Grandin.” News & Media Relations, Colorado State University.
Colorado State University. “Temple Grandin Named to the National Women's Hall of Fame.” Colorado State University, 10 Feb. 2017.
“Best in Show.” Rotten Tomatoes, Fandango Media. Accessed 14 Sept. 2026.

Detroit has a monster of its own—and according to generations of folklore, he appears when something terrible is coming. In this episode of F-Bomb Friday, Tracy and Todd explore the legend of the Nain Rouge, Detroit’s mysterious Red Dwarf and alleged harbinger of disaster. From Cadillac and Bloody Run to the Great Fire of Detroit, the War of 1812, and a haunting 1964 folklore account describing the creature openly sobbing during Detroit’s 1943 racial violence, the legend changes with every generation. Along the way, we uncover the much older Indigenous history beneath Historic Fort Wayne and separate documented history from the stories Detroit has carried for centuries. Is the Nain Rouge a demon, an omen, a witness—or something that belongs to Detroit itself?
#FBombFriday #NainRouge #DetroitFolklore #MichiganLegends #HistoricFortWayne
Hosted, edited & produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Todd Preston
Researched & written by Todd Preston
Original music created exclusively for Malice in the Mitten by Tracy Preston
Original music created by Todd Preston
Sources:
DeVito, Lee. “The Legend of the Legend of Detroit’s Nain Rouge.” Detroit Metro Times, 16 Mar. 2016, updated 8 Aug. 2025. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Detroit Metro Times article
Detroit Historical Society. “Great Fire of 1805.” Encyclopedia of Detroit, Detroit Historical Society. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Great Fire of 1805
Detroit Historical Society. “Legends of le Détroit.” Encyclopedia of Detroit, Detroit Historical Society. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Legends of le Détroit
Detroit Historical Society. “Race Riot of 1943.” Encyclopedia of Detroit, Detroit Historical Society. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Race Riot of 1943
FrankenFest. “FrankenFest Detroit.” FrankenFest, 2026. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. FrankenFest Detroit
Hamlin, Marie Caroline Watson. Legends of Le Détroit. T. Nourse, 1883. Google Books. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Legends of Le Détroit
Hamlin, Marie Caroline Watson. “Beware the Nain Rouge! A Chapter of Detroit Folklore.” Model D, 18 Mar. 2014. Transcribed by Matthew Lewis. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Model D Nain Rouge article
Historic Fort Wayne Coalition. “History.” Historic Fort Wayne. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Historic Fort Wayne history
Historic Fort Wayne Coalition. “Timeline.” Historic Fort Wayne. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Historic Fort Wayne timeline
James, Sheryl. Michigan Legends: Folktales and Lore from the Great Lakes State. University of Michigan Press, 2013. Michigan Legends
National Park Service. “Fort Wayne: Detroit.” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, last updated 30 Aug. 2020. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Fort Wayne: Detroit
National Park Service. “Springwells.” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Springwells
Skinner, Charles M. “The Nain Rouge.” Myths and Legends of Our Own Land, vol. 2, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1896. Wikisource. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Skinner’s The Nain Rouge
University of Detroit Mercy Libraries. “Le Gnomme Rouge.” James T. Callow Computerized Folklore Archive, 8 July 1964. University of Detroit Mercy. Accessed 16 Sept. 2026. Le Gnomme Rouge archive entry

Between 1908 and 1911, four men from Michigan's Sparling family died after suffering eerily similar illnesses. When arsenic was discovered, suspicion fell on their family physician, Dr. Robert MacGregor. In 1912, MacGregor was convicted of murdering twenty-year-old Scyrel Sparling and sentenced to life in Michigan State Prison. Four years later, Governor Woodbridge Ferris declared MacGregor innocent and granted him a full pardon—after conducting a secret investigation whose findings were never made public. Then came one final unbelievable twist: MacGregor returned to the same prison as its physician. Malice in the Mitten investigates the Sparling family poisonings, the disputed toxicology, the insurance money, the murder trial, and a mystery Michigan never truly solved.
#MaliceInTheMitten #MichiganTrueCrime #SparlingPoisonings #MichiganHistory #HistoricalTrueCrime
Written, edited, hosted & produced by Tracy Preston, featuring. Todd Preston
Original music created exclusively for Malice in the Mitten by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
People v. MacGregor. 178 Mich. 436, 144 N.W. 869. Michigan Supreme Court, 5 Jan. 1914. Go Syfert, syfert.com/michigan/cases/178-mich-436/people-v-macgregor. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
“Robert MacGregor.” National Registry of Exonerations, University of Michigan Law School, 19 Aug. 2021, exonerationregistry.org/cases/4729. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
Borchard, Edwin M. Convicting the Innocent: Errors of Criminal Justice. Yale University Press, 1932. pp. 113–17. Justice Denied, forejustice.org/convictingtheinnocent.pdf. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
“A Wholesale Poisoning Is Alleged.” The Valdosta Times, 23 Mar. 1912, p. 8. Georgia Historic Newspapers. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
“Carrie B. Sparling Is Innocent of Wrongdoing…” Ingham County News, 30 Apr. 1914. Capital Area District Libraries, Local History Online. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
Jolliffe, David M., et al. “Fowler's Solution and the Evolution of the Use of Arsenic in Modern Medicine.” Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 2016. PubMed, National Library of Medicine. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
National Research Council. “Therapeutic Uses of Arsenic.” Arsenic in Drinking Water. National Academies Press, 1999. NCBI Bookshelf, National Library of Medicine. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
University of Michigan Medical School. “Microbiology & Immunology History.” University of Michigan Medical School. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
University of Michigan Department of Chemistry. “Archive: Vaughan Symposium.” University of Michigan. Accessed 20 Sept. 2026.

What happened to basic human behavior—especially at 30,000 feet? This week on Round Robin, Tracy, Christine, and Nina dive into the wild case of an American Airlines first-class passenger who became so disruptive that fellow passengers restrained him with zip ties and duct tape before the flight diverted for an emergency landing. He later claimed he couldn’t remember what happened.
But this story opens a much bigger conversation: Have people always behaved this badly, or did something fundamentally change during the COVID-19 pandemic? From airline meltdowns and public confrontations to declining patience, alcohol, stress, entitlement, and the loss of social restraint, the panel looks at why public behavior seems to have gone completely off the rails.
#UnrulyPassengers #AirTravel #PassengerMeltdown #PublicBehavior #COVIDAftermath 
Written, edited, hosted & produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Christine & Nina Mulligan 
Original music created exclusively for Round Robin by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
Lynn, Bryan. “Man Duct-Taped to Airplane Seat and Diverted to Baltimore Says ‘I Don’t Remember Any of It.’” CBS News Baltimore, 16 Sept. 2026. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. CBS News article
“US Passenger Duct-Taped to Plane Seat Says: ‘I Don’t Remember Any of It.’” The Guardian, 17 Sept. 2026. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. The Guardian article
Federal Aviation Administration. “Unruly Passengers.” Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. FAA Unruly Passenger Statistics
Federal Aviation Administration. “FAA Releases New PSA, Levies $119K Against 9 Passengers for Alleged Unruly Behavior.” Federal Aviation Administration, 6 July 2021. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. FAA 2021 report
Federal Aviation Administration. “FAA: Zero-Tolerance Policy Against Unruly Passengers Here to Stay.” Federal Aviation Administration, 20 Apr. 2022. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. FAA Zero-Tolerance Policy
International Air Transport Association. “Unruly Passengers.” IATA. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. The IATA reports that disruptive incidents include violence, harassment, verbal abuse, and refusal to follow safety instructions; its recent data continues to show the problem internationally. IATA Unruly Passengers
Associated Press. “Bette Nash, Recognized as the World’s Longest-Serving Flight Attendant, Dies at 88.” AP News, May 2024. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. Nash began flying in 1957 and worked for nearly seven decades.
Association of Professional Flight Attendants. “In Memoriam: DCA Flight Attendant Bette Nash.” APFA, 25 May 2024. Accessed 29 Sept. 2026. APFA Bette Nash memorial
 

This week on F-Bomb Friday, we uncover one of Michigan's darkest medical history stories: the resurrectionists, grave robbing, and the unclaimed dead who supplied 19th-century anatomy rooms in Detroit and Ann Arbor.  From Detroit Medical College and Michigan's 1881 Anatomy Act to Willie Brown, the "friendless dead," and the shocking 1893 discovery of two human skeletons in Detroit's garbage, this true story reveals a chilling real-world parallel to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.  Join Tracy and Todd as they explore the forgotten people behind Michigan's medical progress and ask the unsettling question at the heart of Frankenstein:  Just because science can do something, should it?
#DetroitHistory #Frankenstein # Resurrectionists #MedicalHIstory #GraveRobbing
Written, edited, hosted & produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Todd Preston
Original music created exclusively for F-Bomb by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
Bragg, Amy Elliott. “International Garbage Crime.” Little Detroit History Letter, 2025, littledetroithistoryletter.substack.com/p/international-garbage-crime. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
“History.” Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, med.wayne.edu/about/history. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
“History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan: A Chronological Cyclopedia of the Past and Present, Vol. I.” LDS Genealogy, 1890, ldsgenealogy.com/MI/books/History-of-Detroit-and-Wayne-County-and-early-Michigan-A-Chronological-Cyclopedia-of-the-Past-and-Present-Vol-I-part-118.htm. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
“Anatomist and Janitor.” University of Michigan Human Resources, University of Michigan, hr.umich.edu/anatomist-janitor. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
Tobin, James. “The Bells of Michigan.” University of Michigan Human Resources, University of Michigan, hr.umich.edu/node/158583. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
“Historical Events.” Wayne State University Fact Book 2019–20, Wayne State University, gme.med.wayne.edu/pdfs/2019-20_wsu_fact_book.pdf. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
Shackman, Grace. “In the Archives: The Friendless Dead.” The Ann Arbor Chronicle, 1 Oct. 2013, annarborchronicle.com/2013/10/01/in-the-archives-the-friendless-dead/index.html. Accessed 25 Sept. 2026.
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones, 1818.

In 1895, a young Englishwoman named Emily Hall crossed the Atlantic and arrived at a house on Lincoln Avenue in Detroit while pregnant. Less than two weeks later, she was dead.
But Emily Hall wasn't the name written on her death certificate.
She became “Myrtle Cook”—a supposedly New York-born woman said to have died of pneumonia at an address where Emily had never lived.
Then her embalmed body remained unburied for more than two months.
When a newspaper reporter discovered it, the strange death began to unravel. Investigators uncovered letters from England, money sent in Emily's name, conflicting stories, testimony from other women, and evidence surrounding Dr. Dennis J. Seaman and Alice Lane. Seaman's first conviction would eventually reach the Michigan Supreme Court—but even that wasn't the end.
This episode of Malice in the Mitten investigates the documented story behind Emily Hall's death, the extraordinary effort surrounding her concealed identity, and the young woman almost lost beneath the name “Myrtle Cook.”
More than 130 years later, we say her real name again.
Emily Hall
#MaliceInTheMitten #MichiganTrueCrime #DetroitHistory #HistoricalTrueCrime #EmilyHall
Written, recorded, edited & produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Christine Mulligan
Original music created exclusively for Malice in the Mitten by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
People v. Seaman. 107 Mich. 348, 65 N.W. 203. Supreme Court of Michigan, 10 Dec. 1895. Go Syfert, People v. Seaman, 107 Mich. 348. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
“An Erring Clergyman.” Otago Daily Times, 25 May 1895, p. 3. Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand, Otago Daily Times historical article. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
“That Detroit Mystery Cleared Up.” The Lowell Ledger, 26 Apr. 1895. Kent District Library Digital Archives, The Lowell Ledger, 26 Apr. 1895. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
“Arranged for the Murder of Emily Hall.” The North Platte Semi-Weekly Tribune, 7 June 1895. Chronicling America, Library of Congress, North Platte Semi-Weekly Tribune, 7 June 1895. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
“Rev. Jonathan Bell Located.” The Clinton Republican, June 1895. Clinton County Historical Newspaper Archive, The Clinton Republican historical issue. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
“Mrs. Lane Is Convicted.” Lowell Journal, 11 Mar. 1896. Kent District Library Digital Archives, Lowell Journal, 11 Mar. 1896. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
“Mrs. Lane Gets Ten Years.” The Clinton Republican, Mar. 1896. Clinton County Historical Newspaper Archive, The Clinton Republican historical issue. Accessed 5 Oct. 2026.
 
 

What do Malibu Beach, surfing, frozen bananas, John Wayne, Shirley Temple and Barbie have in common? More than you'd think. This week on Round Robin, Tracy, Christine and Nina head to Southern California to explore the Chumash origins of Malibu, the Hawaiian roots of modern surfing culture, Duke Kahanamoku, Gidget, Malibu Barbie, Balboa Island's frozen banana wars, John Wayne's surprising connection to bodysurfing, and the famous Shirley Temple drink its namesake couldn't stand. Then Shirley Temple Black takes center stage as Woman of the Week for the remarkable second act of her life as a U.S. diplomat and ambassador.
#RoundRobinPodcast #Malibu #SurfingHistory #OldHollywood #CaliforniaHistory
Written, recorded, edited & produced by Tracy Preston, featuring Christine & Nina Mulligan
Original music created exclusively for Round Robin by Tracy Preston
Original artwork by Todd Preston
Sources:
City of Malibu. “Profile of the City of Malibu.” City of Malibu, www.malibucity.org/DocumentCenter/View/16760. 
City of Malibu. “Chapter Six: Historic Resources.” City of Malibu, www.malibucity.org/DocumentCenter/View/398/Chapter-Six. 
City of Malibu. “Cultural Resources.” City of Malibu, Nov. 2014, www.malibucity.org/DocumentCenter/View/10301.
City of Malibu. “Malibu Surfing Area Listed in National Register of Historic Places.” City of Malibu, 6 May 2018, www.malibucity.org/DocumentCenter/View/17035. 
National Museum of American History. “Surfboard Shaped by Duke Kahanamoku on the Beach at Corona Del Mar, California in 1928.” Smithsonian Institution, americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1760837. 
Sony Pictures Entertainment. “Gidget.” Sony Pictures Entertainment, 1959, www.sonypictures.com/movies/gidget. 
Mattel. “1970s Barbie Dolls: Malibu Barbie, Superstar Barbie & More.” Mattel Creations, creations.mattel.com/pages/barbie-1970s-malibu-dreams-superstar-style. 
Smith, K. Annabelle. “The History of the Frozen Banana Stand.” Smithsonian Magazine, 24 May 2013, www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-history-of-the-frozen-banana-stand-80551198/. 
John Wayne Enterprises. “Wayne in LA.” John Wayne, www.johnwayne.com/journal/duke/wayne-in-la/. 
John Wayne Enterprises. “Big Jake at 50.” John Wayne, www.johnwayne.com/journal/duke/big-jake-at-50/. 
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. “The 7th Academy Awards: 1935.” Oscars.org, 27 Feb. 1935, www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1935. 
National Museum of American History. “Shirley Temple Doll.” Smithsonian Institution, americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_2034834. 
United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. “Shirley Jane Temple Black (1928–2014).” Office of the Historian, history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/black-shirley-jane-temple. 
Rothman, Lily. “Inside the Shirley Temple: How Did the Mocktail Get Its Name?” TIME, 11 Feb. 2014, time.com/6659/shirley-temple-drink/.